C(31JRSE  OF  LECTURES 

ON 

ANATOMY  AND  PHYSIOLOGY. 


SYLLABUS 


OF 


A COURSE  OF  LECTURES 


ON 


ANATOMY  AND  PHYSIOLOGY 


by 


L.  D.  WOODBRIDGE,  A.  M.,  M.  D. 


NORTH  ADAMS,  MASS: 

WALDEN’S  BOOK  AND  JOB  PRINT, 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/syllabusofcourseOOwood 


<B  // 
W 


^1- 

% 


PREFACE. 


A single  word  of  explanation  is  due  to  those  under  whose  observation  this 
Syllabus  may  come  in  reference  to  the  very  meagre  treatment  which  many  topics, 
especially  in  Anatomy,  have  received.  The  limited  time  assigned  to  the  course 
rendered  a satisfactory  and  exhaustive  discussion  of  many  points  impossible. 

My  constant  aim  has  been  to  bring  out  in  clear  outline  the  most  essential  facts. 
Where  omissions  and  partial  statements  are  found  this  must  be  my  apology. 


Ps 


Note.  The  student  is  referred  to  the  Appendix  for  a supplementary  statement  in  refer- 
ence to  absorpiion,  for  a tabular  statement  of  the  process  of  digestion,  for  a statement  of  the 
course  of  the  blood  in  the  circulation,  and  of  its  changes  in  passing  through  the  princijjal 
organs,  and  for  the  discussion  of  the  larynx. 

Errata.  For  “Lencin”  on  pages  21  and  22,  read  “Leucin.” 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

Bona'  Sa'stem,  . , . . . . . • .7 

Joints,  ........  10 

Muscles,  . . . . . . . .11 

Integument,  .......  12 

Mucous  MEMBRANE,  . . . . . . .13 

Serous  membrane,  . . . . . . . 14 

SvNOVIAL  membrane,  . . . . . . .14 

Alimentara'  substances,  . . . . , . 17 

Glands,  . . . . . . . .17 

Digestion  and  its  organs,  ......  17 

Stoaiacii,  ........  1!) 

Pancreas,  ........  20 

Liver,  . . . . . . . .21 

Intestines,  ........  2:> 

La'aiphatic  systeai,  . . . . . . .2(5 

Absorption,  .......  27 

Blood,  . . . . ■ . . . .27 

Circulation  and  its  organs,  .....  30 

Respiration,  . . . . . . . .34 

Animal  heat,  .......  3(5 

Excretion,  ......  . . 37 

Kidnea,  ........  37 

Ductless  glands,  .......  30 

Xera'ous  systeai,  .......  40 

Senses,  ........  43 

Eye,  ........  44 

Ear,  .........  47 

Spinal  nerve  roots,  ......  oO 

Spinai>  cord,  ........  50 

Medulla  oblongata,  ......  53 

Pons  Varolii,  . . . . . . . •,  .54 

Cerebrum,  . . . . . . . . 54 

Cerebellum,  . . . . . . . .5(5 

Syaipathetic  system,  ......  5(5 


BONY  SYSTEM  OR  SKELETON. 


STRUCTURE  OF  BONE. 

Periosteum. 

— Vascular  fibrous  membrane. 

— Function. 

— Nourishment  of  bone. 

— Substitution  of  cartilage  at  joint  surfaces. 

COxMPACT  Layer. 

— Composition. 

— Structure. 

— Haversian  canals,  j 
— Lamellae.  j 

— Lacunae.  j- Making  up  Haversian  system. 

— Canaliculi.  j 

—Bone  corpuscles.  J 
—Function. 

— Chief  source  of  strength. 

Cancellous  or  Spongy  Portion. 

—Structure. 

— Bony  spicules. 

— Red  marrow. 

— Function. 

— Adds  to  scrength  with  little  added  weight. 

— Red  marrow  a blood  former. 

Medullary  Canal  ; only  in  Long  Bones. 

—Contents. 

— Endosteum. 

— Yellow  marrow. 

— Blood  vessels. 

— Nerves. 

— Function. 

--Pathway  for  blood  vessels  and  nerves. 
DEVELOPMENT. 

Two  Methods. 

— From  cartilage. 

— From  periosteum. 

PROVISION  FOR  GROWTH. 

Peri  o STE  u . 

Osteoblasts. 

Osteoclasts. 

Nutrient  Artery. 


8 


FUNCTION  OF  BONES. 

SUPPOKT. 

Protection. 

— Firm  point  of  attachment  for  muscles. 

Aid  in  blood  formation. 

NUMBER  200,  Varying  with  Age. 

In  Groups. 

— Cranial. 


—Face. 


Skull. 


— Spine. 
—Ribs. 


— Pelvis. 

— Upper  extremity. 
— Lower  extremity. 
Cranium— 8. 


—Function. 

— Protection  chiefly. 

— Adaptation  by — Arched  form. 

—Buttresses. 

— Two  tables  and  diploe. 

— Suture  joint. 

— Foncanelle. 

— Time  of  closing. 

— Foramina. 

— Individual  bones. 

(' — Occipital. 

— Foramen  mugnum. 

— Condyles. 

— Grooves. 

— Frontal. 

— Supraorbital  foramen. 

— Superciliary  ridge. 

— Frontal  sinuses. 

— Relation  to  nose. 

—Sphenoid. 

—Sinuses. 

— Ethmoid. 

[ — Sinuses, 

f — Parietal. 

^ j — Temporal. 

^ 1 — Mastoid  cells. 

—Middle  and  internal  ear. 

-Face.— 14. 


\_Notc  specially.^ 

— Superior  iMaxillary. 

— Supraorbital  foramen. 
— Antrum. 


9 


— Inferior  Maxillary. 

—Mental  process. 

— Mental  foramen. 

— Only  detached  bone  of  skull. 

Spine. 

—Vertebras, 

— Number. 

— Sub-divisions. 

-7-12-5-0-4, 

— Form. 

— Body. 

— Canal. 

— Articular  surfaces, 

—Spines. 

— In cer vertebral  notches. 

— Intervertebral  cartilages. 

— Peculiar  Vertebrae. 

— Atlas.  ') 

— Axis.  I 

I 

— 7tb  Cervical.  Peculiar  characters  of  each. 
— Sacral. 

— Coccygeal. 

— Adaptation  to  protect  brain  from  concussion. 
— Curve. 

—Intervertebral  cartilages, 

Ribs. 

— Number. 

— Attachment, 

— Floating. 

— Grooves. 

— Sternum. 

— Three  parts. 

Upper  Extremity. 

( Clavicle. 

-Circle  of  support.  { 

— Not  Complete. 

— Humerus. 

— Ulna  and  Radius. 

— Requirements  in  forearm. 

—Firmness  in  flexion. — Ulna. 

— Free  rotation.  — Radius. 

— Carpus,  (8)  Metacarpus  and  Phalanges. 

— Difference  between  thumb  and  finger, 

Lower  Extremity. 

— Circle  of  support 
— Pelvis. 

— Ilium. 


lO 


— Pubes. 

— Ischium. 

— Sacrum. 

— Difference  between  male  and  female. 

— Complete. 

— Femur  = Humerus. 

— Tibia  = Ulna. 

— Fibula  = Radius. 

— Patella  = Olecranon. 

— Tarsus  (7)  and  Metatarsus  ==  Carpus  and  Metacarpus. 

— Phalanges  = Phalanges. 

Resemblances  in  Upper  and  Lower  Extremities. 

— Circle  of  support. 

— Correspondence  of  number  of  bones  in  corresponding  parts. 
Contrasts. 

— In  completeness  of  circle  of  support. 

— Olecranon  attached — Patella  detached. 

— Relative  size  of  Radius  and  Ulna  : Tibia  and  Fibula. 

— Relative  mobility  of  Radius  and  Ulna  : Tibia  and  Fibula. 
— Number  of  bones  in  Carpus  and  Tarsus. 


JOINTS. 

ESSENTIAL  ELEMENTS. 

Two  OR  MORE  CONTIGUOUS  BONY  SURFACES. 

— Covered  with  cartilage. 

Ligaments. 

— External. 

— Capsular. 

— Lateral. 

— Internal. 


— In  few  joints. 

Synovial  membrane,  (if  joint  cavity.) 

— Covers  only  internal  surface  of  ligaments. 
— Secretes  lubricating  fluid. 


— Synovia. 

KINDS. 

Fibro-cartilage  plate.  ) 

Hinge.  1 - 

Pivotal.  [-Perfect. 

Ball  and  socket,  j 

FORCES  RETAINING  IN  PLACE. 
Form  of  bones. 


1 


Character  and  example  of  each. 


Ligaments  and  muscles. 

Atmospheric  pressure — Hip. 


IXDIVIDQAL  JOINTS. 

[^Xote  Specially 

Occipital  and  atlas. 

Atlas  and  axis. 

Radius  and  ulna. 

Hip. 

Knke. 


KINDS. 

Striped. 

Un  STRIPED. 

Mixed. 

STRIPED. 


MUSCLES. 

RELATION  TO  WILL. 

Voluntary. 

Involuntary. 

Inyolu  NT ary. 


Structure. 

— Sheath. 

— Fasciculi. 

— Fibres  with  sarcolemraa. 

— Semifluid. 

— Nuclei  within  sarcolemina  on  surface  of  fibre. 
— Fibrlllge. 


— Discs. 

— Sarcous  elements  or  rods. 
— Krause's  mend)rane. 


Electric  current. 


Chemical  reaction — alkali  or  neutral. 

Phenomena  of  contraction. 

— Shortening,  (undiminished  Amlume.) 

— Dark  discs  active  agents. 

— Changes  in  rods. 

— Altered  electric  current. 

— Diminished. 

— Altered  chemical  reaction. 

— Sarcolactic  acid. 

— Carbonic  acid  developed. 

— Oxygen  consumed. 

—Heat. 


— Sound. 

Method  of  blood  supply. 

Method  of  nerve  supply. 

Tendinous  att achm ent. 

— Method  of  union. 


Burs.®. 


Rigor  mortis. 

Where  found. 


ACTION. 

Rapid. 

Slow. 

Rapid. 


12 


Individual  muscles. 

— Masseter,  - - - Guide  to  facial  artery, 

— Sterno-mastoid,  - - - Guide  to  carotid  artery. 

— Biceps,  ‘ . Guide  to  brachial  artery. 

UNSTRIPED. 

Structure  differs  in 

— No  sarcolennua. 

— Central  nucleus. 

— No  striation. 

— Method  of  nerve  ending. 

— Rarely  tendons. 

Where  found. 

— Chiefly  in — Respiratory  tract. 

— Circulatory  tract. 

— Alimentary  tract. 

— Genito-urinary  tract. 

MIXED. 

A CROSSING  OF  PRECEDING  IN  ANATOMICAL  AND  PHYSIOLOGICAL  FEATURES. 

Structure. 

— Striped. 

— No  sarcolemrna. 

— Nucleus. 

— Fibres  branch  and  anastomose. 

Where  found. 

— Heart. 

COVERINGS  OF  FREE  SURFACES  OF  BODY. 

THESE  SURFACES  ARE  OF  THREE  KINDS. 

Exxr:RNAL  surface. 

— Covered  by  integument. 

Internal  surfaces  continuous  with  external. 

— Covered  by  mucous  membrane. 

Internal  closed  surfaces  not  continuous  with  external  surfaces. 

— Covered  by — Serous  membrane. 

— Synovial  membrane. 

INTEGUMENT— Definition. 

Three  laaers. 

— Epidermis. 

— Epithelium. 

— Many  layers. 

— Forms  of  different  layers. 

— Rete  mucosum. 

— Pigment. 

— Method  of  increase  and  renewal. 

— Dermis. 


13 


— Fibrous  tissue. 

— Papillie. 

— Capillaries. 

— Nerve  eiuliugs. 

— Subcutaneous  areolar  tissue. 
— Connective  tissue. 

— Fat. 

Gl.vxi).s. 

— Sweat  "lands. 

— Structure. 

— Location. 

— Secretion. 

— Function. 

— Excretion. 

— Heat  regulation. 

— Sebaceous  glands. 

— Form. 

— Relation  to  hair  follicles. 
— Function. 

— Lubrication. 

— Protection, — Ear. 

Fuxctioxs  of  Skix. 

— Protection. 

— Excretion — Sweat  glands. 

— Respiration. 

— Secretion — Sebaceous  glands. 
— Heat  regulation. 

— Sensation — Nerve  endings. 


A n P K X 1 ) .\  G E s . 

— Hair.  'I 

— Method  of  growth.  I 

— d'urning  gray — Gradually.  | 
— Rapidly 

^Nails. 

— Method  of  growth. 
MUCOUS  MEMBRANE.— Defixition. 

Stp.uctuue. 

— Epithelium. 

— \'’arieties. 

— Pavement.  1 
— Globular. 

— Columnar. 

— Ciliated. 

— Layers, — one  or  many. 

— Corium. 

— Fibrous  tissue. 


Belong  to  Epidermis. 


General  statement  of  s])ccial  functions. 


— Papillae. 

— Capillaries. 

— Submucous  areolar  tissue. 

(Jlands. 

— Mucous — ( ’ouimoii  to  all. 

—Form. 

— Secretion. 

— Mucous  ; also  from  goblet  cells  of  surface. 

— Office— Lubrication. 

— Special — Differing  in  different  parts  according  to  function. 

SFHOIIS  MEMBRANE. 

-7 StKI'CTUKK. 

— Epithelium,  (or  endothelium.) 

— Elat,  (variation  at  stomata.) 

— Single  layer. 

— Stomata. 

— Fibrous  basement  membrane. 

— No  glands. 

Secretion. 

— Serum. 

— Source. 

— Lymph  vessels. 

— Blood  vessels,  possibly  in  small  part. 

— Function. 

— Lul)rication. 

Keeation  to  Lymphatics. 

Chief  Serous  Me3ip.ranes. 

— Arachnoid.  ) 

— Beculiar  position  of  secretion.  j 

I Closed  sacs  except  peritoneum  in  female. 


[ Not  generally  so  classed,  though  covered  bv  definition. 

I 

J 

SYNOVIAL  MEAIBRANE. 

Structure. 

— Single  layer  of  connective  tisssiie  Avith  blood  vessels  and  nerves. 

— No  true  epithelium. 

—No  glands. 

S E c R E T I o N . 

— Synovia. 


— Pleura. 

— Pericardium. 

— Peritoneum. 

— Tunica  Vaginalis.  . 

— Lining  ]\lembrane  of 
— Heart. 

— Blood  vessels. 

— Lymph  vessels. 

— ^Membranous  labyrinth. 


15 


— Source. 

— Function. 

— Lubrication. 

Location. 

— Joints, — Covering  only  lateral  walls. 
— Lursie. 


V 


ALIMENTARY  SUBSTANCES. 


KINDS. 

Inorganic. 

— Changes  during  stay  in  body, 

Organic. 

— Nitrogenous. 

— Source. 

— Chief  office. 

- Kenewal  of  tissues. 

— Nonnitrogenous. — elements  C.  H.  O. 
— Fat. 


— Characterized  by 

— II,  in  excess  of  amount  to  form  water. 
— C.  in  large  proportion. 

— Starch,  C. 6 H. 10  0.5 
— Sugar,  a hydration  of  starch,  i 
— Glucose,  C.6  H.12  0.0 
—Lactose,  C.12  H.24  O.i? 

— Saccharose.  C.12  II. 22  ().n 
— Glycogen,  C.e  H.10  O.s 
— Sourire. 

— Chief  function. 

. — Heat  and  force  production. 


in  proportion  to  form  water. 


GLANDS. 

ESSENTIAL  STRUCTURE. 

Folding  in  of  epithelial  surface. 

Network  of  capillaries. 

Modified  epithelium. 

— Peculiar  selective  power. 


DIGESTION  AND  ITS  ORGANS. 

MOUTH. 

Walls. 

Teeth. 

— Temporary. 

— Number. 

— Time  of  coming 
— Permanent. 

— Number 
— Time  of  coming. 


— ^Method  of  growth. 

- — Structure. 

Tongue. 

— Muscular  organ. 

— p]pithelium. 

— Fraenum. 

— Papillae. 

— Taste  buds. 

— Function. 

— Aid  in — Mastication. 

— Deglutition. 
— Speech. 

— Taste. 


j-  Location  of  each. 


Stimulus  to  secretion. 

— Parotid, — movement  of  jaws. 

— Others, — taste. 

Secretion. 

— Saliva. 

— Amount. 

— Alkaline. 

— Different  viscidity. 

— Ptyaline. 

— Phinction. 

—Mechanical. 

— Moistening  food. 

— Solution,  for  taste. 

— Lubrication. 

— Digestive. 

— Changes  cooked  starch  to  sugar. 

— By  ptyaline  ferment. 

— Requires  alkaline  reaction. 

— By  alkaline  reaction,  stimulates  stomach  secretion. 
— Mechanical  chiefly. 

— Proof. 

— lilxperiments. 

— Carnivora. 


SALIVARY  GLzVNDS. 

Structure. 

Number. 

— Parotid 
— Submaxillary. 
— Sublingual. 

— Buccal. 

Ducts. 

— Steno’s. 

— Wharton’s. 


19 


PHAKYNX. 

Form. 

Muscular  m alls  — Invoh  ntahv  movements  begin. 

Openings. 

Simple  passage  m ay 

(ESOPHAGUS. 

Muscular  Tube. 

— Direction  of  fibres. 

Length. 

Position. 

Si.MPLE  passage  ^y\Y. 

PROCESS  OF  DEGLUTITION. 

Action  of — Tongue. 

— Soft  palate. 

— Epiglottis. 

— Muscles  of  pharynx. 

— Muscles  of  oesophagus. 

STOiMACH. — Active  digestion  begins. 

Position. 

Form. 

Size. 

Coats. 

— Mucous. 

— Cylindrical  epithelium ; goblet  cells. 

— Rugae. 

— Glands — Tmu)  kinds. 

— Muscular. 

— Pylorus. 

— Serous. 

Method  of  studying  physiology. 

-Dog. 

— Man. 

Secretions. 

— Mucous. 

— Constant. 

—Alkaline. 

— Function. 

— Lubrication. 

— Gastric  juice. 

— Intermittent. 

— Causes  determining. 

— Acid. 

— Amount. 

— Function. 

— Digestion  of  nitrogenous  food. 

— Three  agents. 


20 


— Nameless  ferment. 

— F unction. 

— Coagulation  of  milk. 

— Hydrochloric  acid. 

— Produced  by  surface  cells. 

— Intermittent. 

— Source. 

— Chlorides. 

— Function. 

— Changes  nitrogenous  food  to  parapeptone. 
— Characteristic  of  parapeptone. 

— Precipitates  in  alkaline  solution, 
— Process. 

— Swelling. 

— Softening. 

— Liquefying. 

— Pepsin. 

— Produced  in  peptic  glands. 

— Constant. 

— Storage  till  use. 

— Function. 

— Changes  parapeptone  to  peptone. 

— Characteristic  of  peptone. 

— Not  precipitated  by  acid  or  alkali. 


— Is  a hydration. 

— Temperature  essential. 

— Processes  going  on  in  stomach  during  digestion. 
— Congestion  of  walls. 

— Secretion  of  gastric  juice. 

— Peristaltic  action. 

— Changes  in  food. 

— Sugar  dissolved. 

— Nitrogenous  to — Peptone 

— Parapeptone.  1 

— Unchanged.  | 

— Fats.  1 Released  from  nitrogenous  | 

— Starch.  / envelope.  J 

— Autodigestion. 

— Occurs  when. 

— Why  not  in  life. 


Chiefly  absorbed  from  stomach. 


•’Chyme”  which  passes  on  to  bowel. 


PANCREAS. 


Place. 

Form. 

Structure. 

Duct. 


— Method  of  penetrating  intestinal  Avails. 


21 


Skcretiox. 

— Pancreatic  juice. 

— Intermittent. 

— Alkaline. 

— Amount. 

— DigestiA'e  ferments. 

— Pancreatine. 

— Trypsin. 

— Steapsin. 

— Curdling  ferment. 
Paxcueatixe. 


— Function. 

— Changes  starch,  cooked  or  uncooked,  to  sugar. 

— Very  rapidly. 

Trypsix. 

— Functions. 

— Change  of  niirogenous  food  and  parapeptone  to  peptone. 
— Differs  from  stomach  digestion. 

— Requires  alkaline  reaction. 

— Intermediate  step  of  alkaline  albumen. 

— Direct  liquefaction  without  previous  swelling. 
— Also  a hydration. 

— Change  of  nitrogenous  excess  to  waste  products. 

— Leacin. 

— Ty  rosin. 

— Autodigestion. 

— Steapsix. 

— Function. 

— Acts  upon  fat. 

— Emulsioning. 

— Aided  by  alkaline  reaction. 

— Decomposes  fat  into 
— Fatty  acids. 

— Combine  with  alkali  salts  to  form  soap. 

— Glycerine. 

— Also  a hydration. 


So  protects  against  excessive  absorption. 


LIVER. 


-POSITIOX. 

-Size. 


LoP.ES. 

Gall  hladoer. 

Ducts. 

— Hepatic. 

— Cystic. 

— Common. 

Peculiar  ix 

— Double  source  of  blood  supply. 


22 


— Hepatic  artery. 

— Su])plies  blood  for  nourishment  of  liver. 

— Portal  vein. 

— Supplies  blood. 

— From 

— Stomach. 

— Bowel. 

— Spleen. 

— Pancreas. 

— For 

— Secretion. 

—Bile. 

— Changes  in  composition  of  the  blood. 

— Removal  of  sugar  and  its  change  to  glycogen. 
— Leocin  and  ty rosin  to  urea. 

— Destruction  of  red  blood  corpuscles. 

— Structure. 

— Arrangement  of  cells. 

— In  lobules. 

— Arrangement  of  ducts. 

— Method  of  penetrating  bowel. 

— Arrangement  of  blood  vessels. 

— Interlobular. 

— Intralobular. 


-Secretion. 


— x\mount. 

— Alkaline. 

— Place  of  discharge  into  the  bowel. 

— Constant,  but  varying  in 
— Formation. 

— Most,  some  hours  after  eating. 
— Discharge  into  bowel. 

— Most,  soon  after  eating. 

— Constituents, — chief. 

— Biliary  salts. 

— Soda  glycocholate. 

— Soda  taurocholate. 

— Biliary  coloring  matter. 

— Bilirubin. 

— Biliverdin 

— Oxidation  of  previous. 

— Cholesterin. 

— Found  also  in  blood  and  nerves. 
— Form  of  crystals. 

— Nameless  ferment.  (?) 

— Changes  starch  to  sugar. 


Derived  from  hemoglobin  of  red  blood  corpuscles. 


23 


-Fuxctioxs  of  liver. 

— Secretion  of  bile. 

— Discharged  through  bile  ducts. 

— Secretion  of  glycogen. 

— From  sugar  brought  by  portal  A'ein. 

— Discharged  by  blood  vessels,  iji  form  of 
— Glycogen  chiefly. 

— Sugar  in  small  amount. 

— Glycogen  changed  to  sugar  by  ferment  derived  from  destruction  of  red 
blood  corpuscles. 


— Changes  leucin  and  ty rosin  to  urea. 

—Destruction  of  red  blood  corpuscles. 

Functions  of  bile. 

— Aids  in  digestion  of  fat. 

— Emulsioning. 

— By  alkaline  reaction,  derived  from  biliary  salts. 

— By  soap-formation. 

— Combination  of  soda  with  fatty  acid. 

— Absorption. 

— Moistening  mucous  membrane. 

— Exciting  muscular  action  in  villi  and  intestinal  wall. 

— By  biliary  acid  released  from  soda. 

— Digestion  of  starch  (slight)  by  nameless  ferment. 

— A natural  piirgatiA^e. 

— Increases  peristaltic  action. 

— Supplies  abundant  moisture  1k)  fieces. 

— An  antiseptic. 

— Prevents  flatulence. 

— Precipitates  parapeptone. 

- — By  alkaline  reaction. 

— An  excrement. 

— Cholestrin  and  pigment,  excrementitious. 

— Not  mainly  an  excrement. 

— Effect  of  withdrawing  it  by  fistula. 

— Bile  salts  traced  to  thoracic  duct. 

— Therefore  conclude  that  there  are  three  main  functions. 

— Aid  to  digestion  and  absorption. 

— .\n  excrement,  in  part, 

— Thrown  into  bowel  for  preparation  for  some  farther  use  in  system. 

INTESTINES. 


Two  PORTION.^. 

— Small  intestine. — 20  ft. 
— Large  intestine, — 5 ft. 

Sm.vll  intestine. 

— Subdivisions. 

— Duodenum. 


24 


— Jejunum. 
— Ileum. 

— Structure. 

— Coats. 


— Serous. 

— Mesentery. 

— ^Muscular. 

— Longitudinal  fibres. 

— Circular  fibres. 

— INIucous. 

— Cylindrical  epithelium. 

— Projected  into  folds. 

— Valvulae  conniventes. 

— Form. 

— Location. 

— Functions. 

— Increase  absorbing  surface. 
— Retard  flow. 


—Villi. 

— Form. 

— Contents. 

— Function. 

— Increase  absorbing  surface. 


— Glands. 

— Brunner’s. 

— In  duodenum  only. 

— Form. 

— Secretion. 

— Intestinal  fluid. 

— Small  amount. 

— Lieberkuhn’s. 

— Large  and  small  intestine. 

— Form. 

— Secretion. 

— Intestinal  fluid. 

— Lymphatics. 

— Terminals  in  villi. 

— Plexuses  beneath  surface. 

— Solitary  glands. 

— Peyers  patches. 

— Mesenteric  glands. 

— Methods  of  studying  physiology. 

— Functions  of  intestinal  fluid. 

— Lubrication,  by  mucous  contained. 

— Moistening  of  fieces. 

— Digestive; — slight  power,  chiefly  from  Brunner’s  glands. 


f — Changes  maltose  to  sugar. 

All  doubted  by  j — Nitrogenous  matter  (some  kinds)  changed  to  peptone, 
some.  First  chief-  — Fats  slightly  affected, 

ly  important.  1 — Emulsioned. 

[ — Decomposed. 

Large  intestine. 

— Subdivided  into 

— Caecum; — with  vermiform  a])pendix. 

— Colon. 

— Ascending. 

— Transverse. 

— Descending. 

— Sigmoid  flexure. 

— Rectum. 

— Structure. 

— Coats. 

— Differ  from  small  intestine  in 

— Serous  coat  absent  from  rectum. 

— Muscular  coat  gathered  into  sphincter  at  anus. 

— Mucous  coat. 

— No  valvulae  conniventes. 

—No  villi. 

— Semilunar  folds  of  rectum. 

— Glands. 

— Lieberkuhn’s. 

— Ileo-caecal  valve. 

— Function. 

— Digestion  ; — in  upper  part  only. 

— Soon  arrested  by  acid  fermentation. 

— Cause. 

— Fungi. 

— Absorption. 

— In  excess  of  secretion. 

— Hardening  of  faeces. 

— Reservoir  action. 

— Support  of  fecal  mass. 

— Sigmoid  flexure. 

— Semilunar  folds. 


LYMPHATIC  SYSTEM 


COMPRISING 

Lymph  glands. 

Lymph  vpissels. 

LYMPH  GLANDS. 

Structure. 

— Envelope. 

— TrabeculiB. 

— Cells. 

— Entrance  and  exit  of  .vessels. 

Position. 

— Groups. 

— Neck. 

— Axilla. 

— Elbow. 

— Groin. 

— Knee. 

— Mesentery. 

Function. 

— Form  white  blood  corpuscles. 

— Aid  in  emulsioning  of  fat. 

— Mesenteric  glands  only. 

LYMPH  VESSELS. 

Method  of  origin. 

Relation  to  capillaries. 

Valves. 

Muscular  fibres  in  walls. 

Center  in  thoracic  duct. 

— Position. 

— Receptaculum  chyli. 

— Opens  into  subclavian  vein. 

Function. 

— Gather  up  surplus  overflow  from  blood  vessels. 
— Gather  up  waste  from  tissues. 

— Carry  emulsioned  fat  during  digestion, 

Forces  maintaining  current. 

— Vis  a tergo. 

— Muscular  fibres  of  vmlls. 

— Pressure  from  surrounding  parts. 

— ^Vis  a fronte. 

— Valves  preventing  return. 

Contents. 

— Lymph,  always. 

— Chyle,  during  digestion. 

Relation  to  serous  membranes. 


SOLITARY  GLANDS. 

Position'. 

Structure. 

— Like  lymph  glands,  except  that  no  lymph  vessels  enter. 

— Lie  in  lymph  spaces. 

Fun'ction*. 

— L'nknown. 

PEYER’S  PATCHES. 

Aggregation'  of  glands  like  previous. 

ABSORPTION. 

PURPOSE  OF  DIGESTION. 

To  reduce  food  to. 

— Solution. 

— Emulsion. 

PURPOSE  OF  ABSORPTION. 

To  BRING  FOOD  SO  PREPARED  INTO  BLOOD. 

TWO  AVENUES  OF  ABSORPTION. 

Capill.vries. 

— Receiving  that  in  solution. 

— Peptone. 

— Sugar. 

— Soaps. 

— Carrying  them  to  liver. 

Lacteals 

— Receiving  all  in  emulsion. 

—Fats. 

— ^By  aid  of 
-Bile. 

— ^Epithelial  rods. 

—Protoplasmic  movement  of  epithelium. 

• — Carrying  it  to  heart. 

{For  tabular  statement  of  process  of  OAgestion  see  Appendix.) 


BLOOD. 

PHYSICAL  FEATURES. 

Opaque,  scarlet  to  purple  fluid. 

Specific  gravity,  lOo.o. 

Alkaline. 

CONSTITUENTS. 

Corpuscles. 

—Red. 

— Color  due  to  these. 

— White. 


28 


Blood  plaques. 

Plasma. 

— Nearly  colorless  fluid. 

RED  BLOOD  CORPUSCLES. 

Form . 

Size. 

Consistency. 

— Nearly  fluid. 

Homogeneous. 

— No  membrane  or  nucleus. 

Composition. 

— Albuminous  base. 

— Haemoglobin, — ^the  coloring  matter. 

— Percentage  of  corpuscles. 

— Amount  of  iron. 

— Avidity  for  oxygen. 

— Ease  with  wdiich  it  gives  up  oxygen. 

— Oxy  haemoglobin. 

— Reduced  haemoglobin. 

— The  oxygen  carrier. 

— In  chemical  combination. 

Function. 

— To  carry  oxygen  and  distribute  it  to  the  tissues. 

— Greater  affinity  of  the  tissues  for  oxygen. 

Source. 

— Liver,  in  fcetal  and  very  early  life. 

— Red  marrow  of  bone. 

— Spleen.  (?) 

— Blood  plaques. 

— White  blood  corpuscles. 

Where  destroyed. 

— Liver. 

— Spleen. 

— Haemoglobin  changed  to  biliary  and  urinary  coloring  matter. 
WHITE  BLOOD  CORPUSCLES. 

Form. 

Size. 

Colorless. 

Granular. 

Nuclei. 

Amieboid  movements. 

— Enabling  them  to  pass  through  walls  of  capillary  vessels. 

— Proportion  to  red. 

Function. 

— Growth  of  tissues. 

— Repair  of  injured  part. — Remarkable  power  of  transformation. 

— One  source  of  red  corpuscles. 


9 


— Production  of 

— Filirinoplastin. 
— Fibrin  ferment. 

SorncE. 

— Lymphatic  glands 
— Spleen. 

— Marrow.  (?) 
BLOOD  PLAQUES. 

Form. 

Size. 

Colorless. 


Homogeneous. 

Changes  observed  mmien  avitiidrawn  from  system. 

Proportion  to  red.  varied  by 

— Age. 

— Disease. 

— 1 1 e m o rr  h a ge . 

Function. 


— Aid  in  formation  of  1 
— Red  corpuscles. 

— Fibrinoplastin. 

— Fibrin  ferment. 

Source  unknoavn. 

PLASMA. 


As  yet  conjectural. 


— Constituents. 

— Serum  albumen. 

— Supplies  most  nourishment  to  the  tissues. 
— Paraglobulin. 

— Closely  allied  to  albumen. 

— Transitional  form. 

— Fibrinogen. 

— Factor  in  coagulation. 

— Fats.  1 

— Sugar.  F A trace. 

— Glycogen.  J 

F unction. 

— Nourish  tissues. 

— Carbonic  acid  carrier. 

— Aid  in  coagulation. 


COAGULATION. 

Process. 

Method. 

— Three  fibrin  factors. 

— Fibrinogen. 

— Always  in  blood. 
— Fibrinoplastin. 


30 


— Formed  at  time  of  coagulation. 

— From  white  blood  corpuscles. 

— From  blood  i)laques. 

— Fibrin  ferment 

— Formed  at  time  of  coagulation. 

— Same  sources  as  fibrinoplastin. 

Occuus  DURING  LIFE  (>NLY  IN 

— Blood  escaped  from  the  blood  vessels. 

— Blood  vessels  wbicb  have  been  injured. 

Why  not  in  living,  uninjured  blood  vessels. 

— Theory  of  inhibiting  intiuence  of  walls  of  blood  vessels. 

Product. 

— Fibrin. 

— Method  of  procuring. 

— Physical  features. 

— White,  elastic  threads. 

— Tendency  to  contraction. 

• — Different  proportions  in  different  blood  vessels. 

(;ases  in  blood. 

Oxygen. 

— 20  per  cent,  by  volume  in  arterial  blood. 

— 8-12  per  cent,  by  volume  in  venous  blood. 

— Combined  chemically  with  liaBinoglobin. 

Carbonic  acid. 

— IG  per  cent,  by  volume  in  venous  blood. 

— 39  per  cent,  by  volume  in  arterial  blood. 

— Chiefly  as  sodic  carbonate,  in  solution  in  plasma. 

Nitrogen. 

— 1.5  per  cent. 


CmCULATION  AND  ITS  OEGANS. 

HEART. 

Form. 

Position. 

Covering. 

— Pericardium. 

A DOUBLE  ORGAN. 

— Right  and  left  heart. 

— Necessitated  by  two  systems  of  vessels. 

— Systemic  vessels. 

— Carrying  blood  for 

— Nourishment  of  tissues. 

— Collection  and  removal  of  their  waste. 


31 

— Force  supplied  by  left  heart. 

— Pulmonary  vessels 

— Carrying  blood  to  lungs  for 

— Kliiniuatiou  of  carbonic  acid. 

— Absorption  of  oxygen. 

— Force  su])plied  by  right  heart. 

— Each  has  capillary  vessels.  Avhose  weak  walls  forbid  pressure  sufticieut  to  can 

through  second  set. 

— Exception  in  portal  circulation. 

— Explanation. 

Two  CAVITIK.S  IX  EACH  IIEAUT. 


— Auricle. 

— Peservoir  function. 
. — Ventricle. 

— Force  pump. 
Struc  ti  re  of  heart. 


— Auriculo-ventricular  ring. 

— Muscular  fibres. 

— Of  ventricles. 

— Three  sets. 

— External  spiral. 

— Internal  spiral. 

— Papillary  muscles  and  chordae  tendineae. 
— Middle,  circular. 

— Of  Auricle. 

— Two  sets. 

— Looped. 

— Circular. 

— Thickness  of  walls  in  proportion  to  work  required. 

— Ventricular  thicker  than  auricular. 

— Left  ventricular  thicker  than  right  ventricular. 

— Valves. 

— Structure. 

— Relation  to  heart  disease. 

— .Vuriculo- ventricular. 

— Three  folds  in  right  heart. — Tricusi)id. 

— Two  folds  in  left  heart  — Semilunar. 

— Papillary  muscles  and  chordie  tendineae. 

— .Vid  to  action  of  valves. 

— Drawing  out  into  current. 

— Limiting  their  action. 

— Arterial. 


— .\ortic. 

— Pulmonary 
— Endocardium. 

— Capacity  of  each  cavity. 


Three  pocket-like  sacs. 


Automatic  action. 


32 


— Order  of  contraction. 

— Kate  of  contraction. 

— Varies  with 
—Age. 

— Prenatal. 

— At  birth. 

— Three  years. 
— Adult. 


Prenatal  determination  of  sex. 


— Sex. 

— Male. 

— PVmale. 

— Impulse  of  heart. 

— Kecoil. 

— Twisting  forward. 

— Hardening  of  fibres. 

— Sounds  of  heart. 

—Two. 

—First. 

— Muffled  and  prolonged. 

— With  contraction, 

— Causes.  ' 

— Closure  of  auriculo-ventricular  valves. 
— Vibration  of  chord*  tendine*. 

— Muscular  contraction. 

— Second. 


— Short  and  sharp. 

— Cause. 

— Closure  of  arterial  valves. 
— Proof. 


ARTEKIES. 

Definition. 

Structure. 

— Coats. 

— Phidothelial. 

— Elastic  or  muscular. 
— Fibrous  tissue. 

Individual  arteries. 

■ [Note  specially.^ 

— In  trunk. 

— Aorta. 

— Iliacs. 

— In  neck. 

— Carotids. 

—In  face 
— Facial. 


I 

[ Location  of  each. 


■V 


33 


— Temporal. 

— In  upper  extremities.  | 
— Brachial.  | 

— Ulnar  and  radial. 

— In  lower  extremities.  [ 
— Femoral.  [ 

— Popliteal.  I 

— Anterior  tibial.  I 
— Posterior  tibial.  j 
— Peroneal.  i 


Location  of  each. 


Forces  proreleixg  reood  in  arteries. 

— Contraction  of  heart. 

— Elasticity  of  arteries. 

Convenient  points  for  determining  pulse  rate. 


VEIXS. 


Definition. 

Structure. 

— Three  coats. 

— Endothelial. 

— Elastic  or  muscular. 

— Less  than  in  arteries. 

— Fibrous  tissue. 

— More  than  in  arteries. 

— Walls  thinner  than  in  arteries. 

— Valves  in  most. 

Frequent  anastomoses. 

Position. 

— Superficial. 

— Deep. 

— Relation  to  arteries. 

Forces  propelling  rlood  in  veins. 

— Vis  a tergo. 

— Muscular  contraction. 

— Aspiration  of  chest. 

— Current. 

— Nearly  uniform. 

Lymphatic  vessels  are  accessory  to  veins. 
CAPILLARIES. 


Definition. 

Structure. 

— Endothelium. 

— Reasons  for  single  thin  coat. 

— To  allow 

— Escape  of  serum  into  tissues. 

— Escape  of  white  coriiuscles  into  tissues. 


34 

— Interchange  of  gases  between  blood  and  tissues. 
— Frequent  anastomoses. 

— Forces  propelling  blood. 

— Cardiac  and  arterial  contraction. 

— Compression  of  tissues. 

— Current  uniform. 

METHOD  OF  DETERMINING  WHICH  VESSELS  ARE  WOUNDED. 

Arteries. 

— Bright  red  blood. 

— Issues  in  jets. 

— From  single  points. 

Veins. 

— Dark  blood. 

— Issues  in  steady  stream. 

— From  single  points. 

Capillaries. 

— Bright  blood. 

— Uniform  oozing. 

— F'rom  whole  surface  of  wound. 

Time  required  for  complete  circulation  of  blood. 


EESPIRATION. 

ORGANS  OF  RESPIRATION. 

Nose.  1 

Pharynx.  Considered  elsewhere. 

I 

Larynx.  j 

Trachea. 

Bronchi. 

Lungs. 

TRACHEA. 

Position. 

Structure. 

— Cartilaginous  rings. 

— Incomplete  posteriorly. 

— Purpose. 

— Fibrous  and  muscular  tissue  which  connect  rings,  and  form  posterior  wall. 

— Mucous  membrane. 

— Ciliated  columnar  epithelium. 

BRONCHI. 

Position. 

Str  uct  ure. 

— Closely  allied  to  that  of  trachea. 

— Varying  with  size. 

— Bronchioles  have  columnar,  changed  to  pavement,  epithelium  and  no  cartilage. 


Jr,  ^ i -p  i^.'’;.;:..  r^  ' \ T ^*',.'I'|.  ' , ■ '^^ii■<'1?f^1l•^  ' '--r^ .' ».  I’V-i 

■ - • ^ fh^  _ . . ._.  „„.,>;•  ...*:  ^. 


:iV 


k :i  /,  4 T' 


TT 


'-■  ■ ■ ■ • ■ '.*'  ■.  ”"^i. , , -.. , ,- ,. 


ir 


j^l' - S: 


i;  i 


1 > *■, 


,^4^-.,.V..^.>..  . . ■■  -T, , 


jLxi, 


V '' '>jL.  ' V-. -•-  '•  r‘  ■■  -^••jU^^'^'ji'*  • ;i 


-iNs r 


‘►^*1  *“V«''V'ir  -.•‘4‘Jltft»IU 


35 


Position. 

Fok.m. 

Plkuua. 

Lohks. 

— Two  in  left  lung. 

— Three  in  riglit  lung.  • 

LonruEs. 

— Bronchiole. 

— Air  cells. 

— Pavement  epithelium. 

— Capillary  vessels. 

C.VI'ACITV  OF  LI  NGS. 

— 330  cubic  inches. 

— Complemental  air.  100  cubic  inches.  ] 

— Tidal  air,  30  culiic  inches.  [-  Piespiratory  capacity — 230  cubic  inches. 

— Reserve  air.  100  cubic  inches.  j 

— Residual  air.  100  cubic  inches. 

movi<:mexts  of  respiration. 

InSFI  RATION 

— Descent  of  diaiihragm. — Structure  and  attachment. 

—Increases  depth  of  chest. 

— Compresses  gases  in  abdomen. 

— Elevation  of  ribs. 

— Increase  in  lateral  diameter  of  chest. 

— Conditions  making  this  possible. 

— .Vrticulation  with  spine. 

— Oblique  direction. 

— Chistal  cartilages. 

— An  active  process. 

Expiration. 

— Elasticity  of  lungs. 

— Elasticity  of  costal  cartilages. 

— Elasticity  of  gases  in  abdomen. 

— A ]>assive  ])rocess. 

RAPIDITY  OF  RESPIRATION. 

\'arying  with  a(;i-: 

— d\)  one  year.  per  minute. 

— At  five  years,  20  j>er  minute. 

— Adult  life.  lS-20  per  minute. 

A R T I F I C I A L R E S P I R . V T I O N . 

CHANGES  IN  EXPIRED  AIR. 

.”)  PKR  CENT.  LESS  OXVI.EN. 

4 PER  GENT.  MORE  GAP.P.ONK;  ACID. 

Te.MPERATFRK  INCREASED. 

Moistgre  increased. 

Ani.mal  i.mperities  gained. 


CHANGES  IN  BLOOD  BY  BESPIKATION. 

Gains  oxygen.  8-12  per  cent  I’er  voLr:ME. 

— Fimctiori  of  oxygen. 

— Provide  for 

— Oxidation  of  food. 

— Oxidation  of  waste  material  of  tissues 
— Carried  in  chemical’ combination  with  ha3moglobin. 

— Bright  color  of  blood  dependent  solely  upon  this. 
—Proof. 

— Given  up  to  tissues  because  of  greater  affinity. 

Loses  C.  O.2,  7 pek  cent  per  voeicme. 

— Formed  in  tissues  and  taken  up  by  blood. 

— Carried,  chietiy,  as  sodic  carbonate  dissolved  in  plasma. 

Loses  heat. 

Loses  watery  vap<jr. 


ANIMAL  HEAT. 

VAIHATION  OF  TEMPEKATUPvE  OF  WARM  BLOODED  ANIMALS. 

NORIM AL  TEMPERATURE  OF  MAN. 

VARIATIONS  CONSISTENT  WITH  LIFE. 

S(JURCE  OF  HEAT. 

Chemical  changes. 

— Chiefly  oxidation  of  food. 

. . — All  chemical  changes  which  leave  chemical  affinities  more  nearly  satisfied. 

— ^ — Physical  processes. 

— Transformation  of  motor  force  into  heat. 

— Occurs  when  u'ork  done  is  not  transferred  outside  the  body. 

— Heart’s  contraction. 

— Intestine  forcing  on  its  contents. 

— Torsion  of  costal  cartilages. 

— Friction  of  muscles. 

— Transformation  of  electric  currents  found  in  muscles,  nerves  and  glands. 
AIMOUNT  PRODUCED. 

WoPLl)  REACH  ROILING  POINT  IN  THIRTY-SIX  HOURS,  IF  NONE  MERE  LOST. 

AVENUES  OF  LOSS  OF  HEAT. 

— Radiation. 

— Evaporation  of  SAveat. 

— Evaporation  of  water  of  expired  air. 

CONDITIONS  VARYING  RATE  OF  LOSS  OF  HEAT. 

Temperature  of  -surrounding  media. 

Time  of  day. 

— Lowest  during  night. 

equilibrium  secured  by 

RiAiUl.ATlON  OF  HEA'l’  PRODUCTION. 


37 


— \'ohuitarv. 

— ^Muscular  exercise. 

— Amount  ami  kind  of  food. 

— Involuntary. 

— Heat  center  of  braiti. 

IxKCin.ATIOX  OF  IlKAT  KXPKN DITf U K. 

— Voluntary. 

— CU)tliing. 

— Involuntary. 

— Su])erficial  capillary  circulation. 

— Blood  comes  freely  to  surface  if  Avann. 

— Free  perspiration. 

— Moist  skin,  better  conductor. 

— More  heat  required  for  evaporation. 

— More  rapid  respiration. 

— Greater  cooling  of  blood  in  lungs. 
SOURCE  AND  l)EVELOPI\rENT  OF  ENERGY  IN  THE  BODY. 

F(  )TEKT  I A L KXEK(i  Y . 

—Enters  body  through 
— Stomach. 

— (h  and  II.  of  food  chietly. 

— Lungs. 

— ( )xygen. 

— Stored  in  body. 

— In  atomical  affiinities  yet  unsatisfied. 

— Developed  when  needed  l)y 

— Chemical  processes  satisfying  those  affinities. 

EXCEETION. 

ORGANS  OF  EXCRETION. 

Skin. 

Li.xos. 

Bowel. 

Kidneys. 

KIDNEY. 

Position. 

Foh.m. 

Size. 

Stki-ctfke. 

— Cajisule. 

— Fibrons  tissue. 

— Pelvis. 

— Pyramids. 

— Cortical  substance 
— Urinary  tubes. 

— Bowman’s  capsule. 


38 

— CouA'oluted  tubes. 

— Narrow  tubes  of  Meule. 

— Straif^ht  tubes. 

—Arteries. 

— Course. 

— Capillaries 

— Two  sets  ^ 

— Malpighiati  tufts. 

— In  Bowman’s  capsule. 

— Surrounding  cortvoluted  tubes. 

— Larger  lumen  than  previous. 

— Therefore  pressure  less, 

Function. 

— Secretion  of  urine. 

— Amount. 

— Intluenced  by 

— Perspiration. 

— Stools. 

— Drink. 

— Nervous  excitement. 

— Specific  gravity,  1020. 

— Constituents. 

— ( Irganic. 

—Urea. 

— Derived  from 

' — Leucin,  1 

. — Ty rosin.  1*  Waste  products  of  nitrogenous  matter. 

— Kreatinin.  J 

— Most  poisonous  when  retained. 

— Uric  acid. 

— Chiefly  in  chemical  combination. 

— Less  perfectly  oxidized  than  urea. 

— Inorganic, 

— Water. 

— -Mineral  salts. 

— -Secretion  occurs. 

— In  Bowman’s  cajisule. 

— Water  and  most  soluble  salts. 

— Albumen  in  small  quantity,  possibly. 

— In  couA-oluted  tubes. 

— Less  soluble  constituents. 

— Real)sorption  of  albumen. 

— Favored  by  lower  pressure  in  capillaries  surrounding  tubes. 

ac(b:ss()by  organs. 


Urkteks. 

— Position. 


39 


— Arrangement  of  muscular  fibres. 

— Peristaltic  action. 

— ^lethod  of  penetrating  wall  of  bladder, 

Bladder. 

— Position. 

— Form. 

— Arrangement  of  muscular  fibres. 

— For  expulsion  of  urine. 

— For  retention  of  urine. 

Urethra. 

— Length. 

— Male. 

— Female. 

— Muscular  apparatus. 


DUCTLESS  GLANDS, 

SPLEEN. 

Po.SITION. 

Form. 

Size. 

Structure. 

— Capsule  and  trabecul*. 

— Elastic  and  muscular  fibres. 

— -Adenoid  tissue. 

—Pulp. 

— White  blood  corpuscles. 

— Red  blood  corpuscles. 

— Transitional  forms. 

— Cells  containing  red  corpuscles  and  pigment. 

— Pigment. 

— Malpighian  corpuscles 
— Structure 
— Arteries. 

— Larger  included  in  trabeculae. 

— Smallest  open  into  pulp,  or  become  fenestrated. 
— Relation  to  Malpighian  bodies. 

Rythmical  contraction. 

— A leading  cause  of  circulation  in  spleen. 

Changes  of  hlood  in  transit. 

— White  blood  corpuscles  greatly  increased. 

— Red  blood  corpuscles  destroyed. 

Function.  , 

— Form  white  blood  corpuscles. 

— Destroy  worn  out  red  blood  corpuscles. 

— Repair  and  create  new  red  corpuscles.  (?) 


40 


P^FFECT  OF  EXTIRFATTON. 

— Lymphatic  glands  enlarge. 

— Ked  marrow  more  active  in  blood  formation. 

THYKOII)  GLAND. 

DosFrioN. 

P\)K?.I. 

Structure 

— Closed,  epithelium-lined  sacs,  filled  with  semi-fluid  matter. 
Fi’xction. 

— Some  relation  to  processes  of  nutrition  and  growth. 

— Effect  of  extirpation. 

THYMUS  GLAND, 

Position. 

Structure. 

— Glosely  allied  to  lymphatic  glands. 

Period  of  activity. 

SUP  K A R E N A L C A PS  U LE S . 

Position. 

Form. 

Relation  to  pigment  formation. 


NERVOUS  SYSTEM. 

SUBDIVISIONS. 

C E R E n K O - S P I N A L . 

S Y M PAT  1 1 ETIC . 

E S SENT! AL  E LEMENTS . 

Nerve  terminals. 

Nerve  fibres. 

Nerve  cells. 

N ERVE  TERMINALS. 

Sensory. 

— Plexuses. 

— Bulbous  terminals. 

— Tactile  corpuscles. 

— Pacinian  corpuscles. 

— End  bulbs. 

— Modified  epithelium 

— In  terminal  nerves  of 
— Smell. 

— Taste. 

— Hearing. 

— Rods  and  cones. 

— In  eye. 

Motor 

— End  plates  of  striped  muscle. 


41 


— Nucleus  of  unstriped  muscle. 

F U>X'TIOX. 

— Of  sensory  terminals. 

— Transformation  of  stimuli  from  external  world  into  form  of  stimulus  that  can 

traverse  nerve  fibres. 

— Of  motor  terminals. 

—Transformation  of  motor  impulse  traveling  from  nerve  cells  into  muscular  con- 
’ traction. 


NEKV^E  FIBRES. 

DiFFERKXT  forms  'IX  M'llICH  THEY  OCCUR. 

— Primitive  nerve  fibrils. 

— -Extremely  delicate  fibres  without  sheath. 

— Axial  cylinders. 

— Several  primitive  fibrils  bound  together  by  cement  substance.  No  sheath. 

— Axis  cylinders  covered  by  Schwann’s  sheath. 

— Axis  cylinders  covered  by  a medullary  sheath  only. 

— Axis  cylinders  covered  by  a medullary  sheath  and.  externally,  by  Schwann’s  sheath. 

— Annular  constrictions  of  Schwann’s  sheath  at  regular  intervals. 

— Purpose  of  constrictions. 

— To  admit  of  interchange  of  plasma  and  waste  material  between  capillaries 

and  axis  cylinder. 

— Third  and  fifth  constitute  great  majority  of  nerve  fibres. 

Axatomical  ceassificatiox. 

— Medullated  fibres. 

— All  having  medullary  sheath. 

— Medullary  sheath  a homogeneous  semi-fluid  substance. 

— Disappears  as  nerve  approaches  terminal  or  nerve  cell. 

— Predominate  in  cerebro-spinal  system. 

— Non-medullated  fibres. 

— All  that  lack  medullary  sheath. 

— Predominate  in  sympathetic  system. 

Physiological  ceassificatiox. 

— Afferent  fibres. 

— Sensory. 

— Reflex. 

— Efferent  fibres. 

— Motor. 

— Secretory 
— Trophic. 

— Inhibitory. 

— Intercentral. 


Fuxctioxs  of  several  parts  of  xerve 

— .Axis  cylinder. 

— Conduction  of  impression  or  impulse. 

— VTdocity  of  conduction. 

— About  100  feet  per  second. 

— Membrane  of  Schwann  and  medullary  sheath. 


42 


— Protection,  probably. 

Physical  chakactek  of  impulse  traversing  nerve  fibres. 

— As  yet  only  conjectural. 

— Probably  some  form  of  molecular  motion. 

— Probably  not  electrical. 

— Nerves  bad  conductors. 

— Impulse  arrested  by  conditions  not  arresting  electric  current. 

— Pressure  on  nerve. 

— Section  of  nerve  and  careful  readjustment  of  surfaces. 

— Electric  currents  of  nerves  diminished  during  action. 

Essential  unity  of  afferent  and  efferent  fibres. 

— Can  transmit  stimulus  either  way. 

— Direction  of  stimulus  determined  by  relation  to  terminals  and  nerve  cells. 

— Proof. 

Afferent  and  efferent  nerve  fibres  mingled  in  most  nerve  trunks  till  they 

APPROACH  spinal  CORD. 

NEKVE  CELLS. 

Location. 

— Gray  matter  of  brain  and  spinal  cord. 

— Ganglia. 

Structure. 

— No  capsule. 

— Few  exceptions  in  peripheral  ganglia. 

— Interlacing  fibrils. 

— Granular  matter. 

— Nucleus  with  nucleolus. 

— Processes,  one  or  many. 

— One  always  continuous  with  axis  cylinder. 

— Others  branch. 

— Multiform  shapes. 

Function. 

— -To  interpret  sensory  impressions  to  consciousness. 

— To  originate  efferent  impulses. 

— To  transform  afferent  impressions  to  efferent  impulses. 

— To  evolve  thought  processes. 

— To  judge  afferent  impressions  and  arrest  or  pass  them  on.  (?) 


SENSES. 


TOUCH.  1 Discharged  only  from  skin,  and  mucous  membrane  of  mouth,  nose. 

PKESSUKE.  [ pharynx,  lower  part  of  rectum  and  genito-urinary  tract.  Internal  viscera 

TE]MPEK  VTUKE.  J these,  but  have  sense  of  pain. 

PAIN. 

IMUSCULAK  SENSE. 

HUNGEK. 

THIRST. 

SMELL. 

TASTE. 

SIGHT. 

HEARING. 


TOUCH. 

Ter:mixal  organs. 

— Tactile  corpuscles. 

— Probably  others. 

Different  degrees  of  acuteness. 

— Explanation. 

— Sensation  areas  provided  with  single  tactile  terminals. 

— Several  must  interveiie  between  points  distinguished  as  separate. 

— Tip  of  tongue  most  acute. 

— Center  of  back  least  acute. 

Explanation  of  linear  impressions. 

Explanation  of  perfecting  tactile  sense. 

PRESSURE. 

Distinguishes  difference  of  one-thirtieth  of  weight.  ' 

Difference  of  pressure  upon  adjacent  parts  of  skin  essential. 

Forehead  aiost  sensitive. 

TEMPERATURE. 

A DOUHLE  SENSE. 

— Heat  sense.  \ Areas  of  these  upon  surface  distinct  and  separate.  Probably  sepa- 
— Cold  sense,  i rate  terminals. 

PAIN. 

Common  to  exterior  and  interior  of  p.ody.  » 

Theory  of  unity  of  touch  and  pain  apparatus. 

Evidence  that  these  are  distinct  in 

— Paths  in  cord. 

— Perceptive  centers. 

MUSCULAR  SENSE. 

Partly  of  peripheral  origin. 

— Gives  sense  of 


44 


— Fatigue. 

— Cramp. 

— Exteiit  of  muscular  movement. 

Partlv  of  central  origin. 

— laforms  of  amount  of  motor  impulse  originated  by  motor  nerve  cells. 
—Informs  of  resistance  met. 

Proof  of  double  origin. 

Distinguishes  difference  of  one-fortieth  of  weight. 

Use  in  binocular  vision. 

HUNGER  AND  lAIlRST. 

Both  ferifheral  and  central  in  origin. 

— Proof. 

SMELL. 

Org.\n. 

Upper  third  of  nose. 

Nerve. 

— Olfactory. 

— Position  in  cranium. 

— Cribriform  plate.  ’ ' ^ 

—Terminals.  ' ' 

— Modified  columnar  epithelium.  . ■ - ^ c, 

Condition  essential  in  perceived  object.  ' ‘ , 

— Minute  division,  vapor  or  gas. 

TASTE. 

— —Organ. 

— Tongue  and  part  of  soft  palate. 

Nerve  Terminals. 

— Taste  buds. 

— Structure. 

, — Location. 

, — Probably  other  terminals. 

Condition  essential  in  perceived  object. 

— Solution. 

SIGHT. 

(^rgan. 

—Eye. 

— Position. 

- Form. 

— Structure. 

— Coats. 

— Sclerotic. 

— White,  fibrous  envelope. 

— Function. 

— Protection  and  support. 

— Completed  in  front  by  cornea. 

— Transparent  and  more  convex. 

— Choroid 


45 


— Pigmented  vascular  tissue. 

— Function. 

— Nutrition  of  eye  through  blood  supply. 

— Absorption  of  light,  to  prevent  irregular  diffusion. 

— Continued  in  front  by 
— Ciliary  processes. 

— Folds  of  the  choroid  encircling  the  crystalline  lens  posteriorly. 
— Iris. 

— Position. 

— Form. 

— Attachment. 

— At  junction  of  cornea  and  sclerotic. 

— Structure. 

— JNIuscular  fibres. 

— Kadiating. 

— Circular 
— Ijlood  vessels. 

— Pigment. 

— Same  in  all  eyes. 

— Color. 

— Depends  upon  depth  to  which  pigment  penetrates  iris. 

— Function. 

— Cutting  off  marginal  rays. 

— Kegulaling  amount  of  light  admitted  to  eye, 

— Contraction  occurs. 

— In  a bright  light. 

— In  accommodation  for  near  objects.. 

— Ill  convergence  of  eyeballs. 

•Ketina. 

— Incomplete  anteriorly. 

— Contains  all  essential  elements  of  nervous  system. 

— Nerve  fibres. 

— Nerve  cells. 

— Nerve  terminals. 

— First  or  inner  layer. 

— Nerve  fibres. 

— Derived  from  optic  nerve. 

— Radiate  from  point  of  entrance. 

— Second  layer. 

—Nerve  cells  alternating  with  granular  matter  and  mingled  with 
fibres. 

\_Tkis  layer  is  subdivided  into  Jive.~\ 

— Third  layer. 

— Rods  and  cones  ; terminals. 

— Form. 

— Distribution. 


46 


— Rods  predominate  over  greater  part  of  retina. 

— Cones  predominate  at  macula  lutea. 

— Cones  exclusively  at  fovea  centralis. 

— Point  of  most  acute  vision. 

— Position  of  fovea  centralis. 

— Fourth  layer. 

— Pigmented  cells. 

— Processes  project  between  rods  and  cones. 

— Retracting  in  dark. 

— Projecting  in  light. 

— Movement  of  pigment  granules  in  cells. 

— Perceptive  power  lies  in  rods  and  cones,  and  is  most  acute  in  cones. 

— Proof. 

— Blind  spot. 

— Fovea  centralis. 

— Refracting  media. 

— Aqueous  humor. 

— Position. 

— Composition.. 

— Crystalline  lens. 

— Form. 

— Position. 

— Consistency. 

— Elasticity. 

— Suspensory  ligament. 

— Vitreous  humor. 

— Form. 

— Position 
— Composition. 

—Hyaloid  membrane  envelops  it. 

— Also  envelops  crystalline  lens  and  forms  its  suspensory  ligament. 
— Ciliary  muscles. 

— Position. 

— (Jrigin. 

— From  junction  of  sclerotic  and  cornea. 

— Insertion. 

— Anterior  part  of  choroid. 

— Choroid  attached  to  hyaloid  membrane  at  this  point.  , 

— Tavo  sets  of  fibres. 

— Radiating.  ' 

— Circular. 

. — Function. 

— Aid  in  accomodation. 

Accomod.vtiox. 

— Change  in  refraction  of  eye  essential. 

— Agents  of  accommodation. 


47 


— Crystalline  lens,  by  its  elasticity. 

— Tends  to  become  more  convex. 

— Ciliary  muscle.  ' 

— 13y  relaxing  tension  of  suspensory  ligament. 

— Associated  movement  of  iris. 

— Contracts  pupil  in  accomodation  for  near  objects. 

— Dilates  pupil  in  accommodation  for  distant  objects. 
— Purpose. 

Theories  of  conversion  of  eight  into  nerve  sti.mi  eus. 

— Mechanical  irritation  of  vibrations. 

— Visual  purple. 

— Fails  because  of  absence  from  cones. 

— Optograms. 

— Activity  of  pigmented  cells  and  their  processes. 

— Chemical  changes  in  pigmented  cells. 

Protective  organs  of  the  eye. 

— Eyebrows  and  eyelashes. 

— Eyelids. 

— Structure. 

— Integument. 

— Cartilaginous  plate. 

— Conjunctiva. 

— Meibomian  glands. 

— Function. 

- — Lachrymal  apparatus. 

— Gland. 

— Position. 

— Ducts. 

— Constant  secretion. 

— Tear  ducts. 

— Course. 

Muscles  moving  evehael. 

HEARING. 

Organ. 

— Ear. 

— External. 

—Middle. 

— Internal. 

Extern A E ear. 

—Pinna. 

— Structure. 

— Muscles. 

— Function. 

— Collect  sound. 

— Unimportant  to  man. 

— External  auditory  canal. 


48 


— Length. 

— Structure. 

— Cerumen. 

— Fundamental  note. 

Middle  ear  or  tympanum. 

— Memhrana  tympani. 

— Form. 

— Structure. 

— Fundamental  note. 

— Bones. 

— Malleus. 

— Incus.  Points  of  attachment. 

— Stapes.  J 

— Transmit  vibrations  to  internal  ear. 

— Loss  in  extent  of  vibrations. 

— Gain  in  power  of  vibrations. 

— Muscles. 

— Tensor  tympani. 

— Begulates  tension  of  memhrana  tympani. 

— Adjusting  it  to  different  sounds. 

— Protecting  it  from  injury  by  loud  sounds. 

— Stapedius. 

— Limits  movement  of  stapes. 

— Eustachian  tube. 

— Course. 

— Closed,  except  in  sv^alloAving. 

— To  prevent  pressure  in  tympanum  from  varying  with  respiration. 

— To  prevent  voice  from  sounding  too  loud. 

— Function. 

— Equalization  of  external  and  internal  pressure. 

— Fenestrae. 

— Ovalis. 

— Closed  by  foot  of  stapes  and  a membrane  uniting  it  to  margin  of  fenestra,  and 
allowing  some  movement. 

— Between  tympanum  and  vestibule. 

— Bo  tun  da. 

— Closed  by  membrane. 

— Betiveen  tympanum  and  cochlea. 

— Mastoid  cells  open  into  tympanum. 

— Position. 

Internal  ear  or  laryrintii. 

— Consists  of 
— Vestibule. 

— Semi-circular  canals. 

— Cochlea. 

— Vestibule. 


49 


— Position. 

— Fenestra  OA\alis  on  outer  side. 

— Contents. 

— I’erilyinph, 

— Utricle. 

— Menibranons  sac  lined  Avitli  epitlieliuin. 

— Distribution  and  form  of  nerve  terminals, 
— Endolymph. 

— Semi-circular  canals  given  off  from  it. 

— Saccule. 

— Structure  corresponds  with  that  of  iitricle. 
— Membranous  cochlea  given  off  from  it. 

— Otoliths. 

— Where  found. 

— F unction, 

-Semi-circular  canals. 

— Xumber. 

— Position. 

— In  three  planes  at  right  angles. 

— Course. 

— Contents. 

— Membranous  semi-circular  canals. 

— Form. 

— Ampullae. 

-Cochlea. 

— Position. 

— F orm. 


— Spiral;  two  and  one-half  turns. 

— Lamina  spiralis.  • 

— Two  membranous  partitions  springing  from  outer  edge  of  lamina  spiralis. 

— Canals. 

— Scala  vestibuli  above.  1 , • •, 

> Contain  perilymph. 

— Scala  tynipani  beloAv.  J 

— Scala  media. 

— Continuous  with  saccule. 

— Contains. 

— Endolymph. 

— Organ  of  Corti. 

— Structure. 

— Rods  of  Corti. 

— Increasing  in  length  from  base  to  apex  of  cochlea. 
— Nerve  terminals. 

— Modified  epithelium  with  hair-like  processes. 

— Reticulated  membrane. 

— Overhangs  nerve  terminals. 


5^ 


-Function  of  several  parts  of  ear. 

— External  ear. 

— Middle  ear. 

— Internal. 

— Perilymph. 

— To  transmit  vibrations  to  endolymph. 

— Endolymph. 

— To  transmit  vibrations  to  nerve  terminals. 

— Utricle  and  saccule. 

— Probably  perceive  sound  quantitatively. 

— Organ  of  Corti. 

— Probably  perceives  difference  in  quality  and  tone  of  sounds. 
— Facts  contravening  this  view. 

— Semi-circular  canals. 

— Not  for  bearing,  as  nerve  terminals  exist  only  in  ampulla?. 
— Aid  in  maintaining  equilibrium. 

— Method. 

—Effect  of  removal. 


I Transmission  of  vibrations. 


SPINAL  NERVE  ROOTS. 

DIVISION  OF  SPINAL  NERVES  AS  THEY  APPROACH  CORD  INTO 
Anterior  root. 

— Entering  anterior  portion  of  spinal  cord. 

— Containing  efferent  nerves. 

— Source  of  its  few  sensory  fibres. 

Posterior  root. 

— Entering  posterior  portion  of  spinal  cord. 

— Containing 

— Afferent  fibres. 

— Trophic  ganglion  for  afferent  fibres. 

— Proof  of  function  of  ganglion. 


SPmAL  CORD. 

POSITION. 


FORM. 

Length. 

Cervical  and  lumbar  enlargements. 

Cauda  equina. 

Fissures. 

— Anterior. 

— -Widest. 

— Not  extending  through  white  matter. 
— Posterior. 

— Extending  to  gray  matter. 


51 


— T\vo  shallow  lateral  fissures  on  each  side. 

ENVELOPES. 

Dira  mater. 

— Dense  fibrous  outer  membrane. 

PlA  MATER. 

— Thin  vascular  membrane. 

— Closely  adherent  to  cord. 

— Its  blood  vessels  penetrate  and  supply  blood  to  cord. 

Arachxoid. 

— A serous  membrane  covering  adjacent  surfaces  of  dura  mater  and  pia  mater. 

— Subarachnoid  space. 

STRUCTURE. 

Gray  matter. 

— Form  of  two  crescents  joined  at  center  of  convex  surfaces. 

— Occupies  central  part  of  cord. 

— Cornua. 

— Anterior. 

— Connected  with  anterior  roots  of  spinal  nerves. 

— Posterior. 

— Connected  with  posterior  roots  of  spinal  nerves. 

— Constituents. 

— Nerve  cells. 

— In  groups. 

— In  anterior  cornua. 

— Large  multipolar  cells. 

— Function. 

— ( )rigination  of  reflex  motor  impulses. 

— -Transmission  or  modification  of  motor  impulses  originating 
in  brain. 

— Some  are  trophic  cells. 

— In  posterior  cornua. 

— Slender  spindle-shaped  cells. 

— Supposed  relation  to  sensory  nerves. 

. — Some  without  processes. 

— In  more  central  part. 

— Clarke’s  column  of  cells. 

— Multipolar. 

— Fibres  connect  them  with  cerebellum. 

— Nerve  fibres. 

— Non-medullated,  chiefly. 

— Largely  derived  from  processes  of  nerve  cells. 

WHITE  MATTER. 

Occupies  peripheral  part  of  cord. 

Composed  of  medullated  nerve  fibres,  connecting 

— Drain  with  gray  matter  of  cord. 

— One  portion  of  gray  matter  with  another  portion. 

— Gray  matter  of  cord  with  anterior  and  posterior  roots  of  spinal  nerves. 


5^  ■ 

PHYSIOLOGICAL  ALE  AS  OF  CORD. 

Direct  pyramidal  tract. 

— Position. 

— Pathway  for  motor  fibres  which  do  not  cross  to  opposite  side  in  medulla. 

Crossed  pyramidal  tract. 

— Position. 

— Pathway  for  motor  fibres  -wliich  cross  to  opposite  side  in  medulla. 

Direct  cererellar  tract. 

— Position. 

— Pathway  for  tactile  impressions. 

Gray  juatter  about  central  canal. 

— Pathway  for  pain  and  temperature  impressions. 

Column  of  coll. 

— Position. 

— PatliAvay  for  pain  and  temperature  impressions. 

Column  of  burdach. 

— Position. 

— Patlnvay  for  commissural  fibres  of  cord  for  ditferent  levels. 

Trophic  center. 

— Portion  of  large  cells  of  anterior  cornua. 

COURSE  OF  FIBRES  IN  CORD. 

Sensory. 

— Enter  posterior  cornua. 

— -Cross  immediately  to  opposite  side  of  cord. 

— Proceed  upward  chiefiy  in  white  portion. 

AIotor. 

— Enter  anterior  cornua. 

—Proceed  upward  in  white  portion;  direct  and  crossed  ityraraidal  tracts. 

— Fibres  of  crossed  pyramidal  tract  cross  to  opposite  side  in  the  medulla  oblongata. 
— Fibres  of  direct  pyramidal  tract  are  continued  to  brain  without  crossing. 

Not  all  fibres  entering  cord  are  continued  upward  in  it. 

— Proof  in  form  of  cord. 

FUNCTION  OF  SPINAL  CORD. 

Conducting  medium  of  sensory*  iyipressions  and  of  yiotor  and  inhAiitory*  impulses. 

Co-ordinating  center. 

— Chiefly  by  means  of  fibres  of  Bttrdach’s  column,  connecting  different  levels  of  cord. 

Trophic  center. 

— Large  cells  of  anterior  cornua. 

— Effect  of  their  destruction. 

Reflex  center. 

— Mechanism  of  reflex  action. 

— Extent  of  movement  depends  upon  the  degree  of  stimulus. 

— If  moderate  stimulus, 

— Motion  affects  part  from  which  stimulus  is  received. 

— If  excessive, 

— ^Motion  affects  otlier  parts,  even  to  convulsions. 

— Explication  of  area  of  reflex  action  varying  with  degree  of  stimulus. 


K, 


S'. 


— Proof  tliat  reflex  action  is  not  of  cerebral  origin. 
— Inhibition  of  reflex  action. 

— Not  absolute. 

— Uriginating  in  higher  centers. 


BRAIX. 

SUBDIVISIONS. 

^Mldull.v  ouloxgata. 

Poxs  Vauolii. 

CEKEmiU.M. 

Cerebellum. 

ENVELOPES. 


Same  a.s  of  spixal  cord. 

Dura  mater  modified  ix  beixg 

— Adherent  to  inner  surface  of  cranium. 

— ThroM'ii  into  folds,  vertical  and  horizontal,  for  support  of  brain 
— Contains  venous  sinuses  in  its  folds. 

CONTAINS  SAME  ELEMENTS  AS  SPINAL  CORD. 

White  matter. 

— Medullated  nerve  fibres. 

Gray  matter. 

— Nerve  cells. 

— Non-medullated  nerve  fibres. 

MEDULLA  OBLONGATA. 

COXTIXUATIOX  OF  SPIXAL  CORD  MODIFIED  IX 

— Form;  flattened. 

— Arrangement  of  gray  matter. 

— Occupies  posterior  portion  chiefly. 

— Some  additional  masses  of  gray  matter. 

— Arrangement  of  white  matter. 

— Occupies  anterior  portion  chiefly. 

— Decussation  of  most  of  motor  fibres. 

— Central  canal,  Avhich  opens  upon  posterior  surface. 

Fuxctiox. 

—A  conductor  of  afferent  impressions  and  efferent  impulses,  by  reason  of  being 

tinuation  of  spinal  cord. 

— A nerve  center,  presiding  over  processes  most  immediately  essential  to  life. 

— Respiration. 

— A double  center. 

— Insj)iratory. 

— Expiratory. 

— Heart’s  action. 

— A double  center. 


— Accelerating. 
— Inhibitory. 

— Deglutition. 

/ 


a con- 


54 


— Controls  several  minor  proeesses. 

— Sneezing. 

— Coughing. 

' — Seeretion  of  saliva. 

— Vomiting. 

— Convulsions. 

— Perspiration. 

PONS  VAKOLII. 

Position. 

Constituents. 

— Nerve  fibres. 

— ^.Transverse. 

— Commissural  fibres  of  cerebellum. 

— Longitudinal. 

— Continued  from  spinal  cord  and  medulla  to  cerebrum. 

— Scattered  nerve  cells. 

cp:rebrum. 

Position. 

Form. 

jNIedian  fissure.  

Hemispheres. 

Gray  matter. 

— Distribution. 

— Covers  surface  of  cerebrum ; 5 to  ^ inch  thick. 

— Basal  ganglia. 

— Peripheral  gray  matter,  or  cortex. 

— Thrown  into  folds;  convolutions. 

— Increases  area  of  gray  matter. 

— Layers  of  cortex. 

— Characteristics  of  cells  of  cortex. 

— Pyramidal  form. 

— iVre  larger  in  proportion  to  depth  in  cortex. 

— Axis  cylinder  process  from  base. 

— Many  branching  processes  from  sides  of  cells  which  connect  with  other  cell 
— Basal  ganglia, 

— Corpora  striata,  anteriorly. 

— Connected  with  motor  fibres  from  cortex. 

— Optic  thalami,  posteriorly. 

— Connected  with  sensory  fibres  entering  hemispheres. 

White  matter. 

— Occupies  central  portion  of  hemispheres. 

— Physiological  classification  of  fibres. 

— Commissural. 

— Connecting  corresponding  part  of  cortex  of  two  hemispheres. 

— Associating. 

^ — Connecting  different  parts  of  cortex  of  same  hemisphere. 

— i\Iedullary. 


55 


— Connecting  cortex  with  spinal  cord. 

Con  non  A u a d k ioi-:m  in  a . 

— Form. 

— Location. 

VeNTK  ICLKS. 

— Number. 

— Location. 

— Kelation  to  central  canal  of  spinal  cord. 

CkUKA  CKKKnUI. 

— Two  bands  of  fibres  uniting  cerebrum  to  lower  nerve  centers. 

— Contains  aiferent  and  etferent  nerve  libres  in  transit  to  and  from  the  cerebrum. 

PUOMINENT  ANATO.MICAE  EAND51AHK.S  OF  SEKFACE  OF  COKTEX. 

— F'issiires  of 
— Sylvius. 

— Kolando. 

— Island  of  Keil. 

Function  of 

— Cortex. 

— Interpretation  of  sensory  impressions  to  consciousness. 

— A'oluntary  motion. 

— Inhibiiion. 

— Mental  processes. 

— Optic  thalamus. 

— llelated  to  sensory  processes,  but  not  well  understood  how. 

— Contains  several  special  centers  for  dilierent  senses. 

— Corpus  striatum. 

— Related  to  motor  ])rocesses. 

— ^laintaining  in  automatic  way  movements  originated  by  cerebral  cortex. 
— Aids  in  co-ordination. 

— Corjiora  quadrigemina. 

— Related  to  sense  of  sight. 

— Possibly  to  co-ordination. 

Physiologicae  areas  of  cekeuk-Vl  cortex. 

— Sensory. 

— Sight. 

— Occipital  convolutions. 

— Hearing. 

— Temporo-S])henoidal. 

— Taste  and  smell. 

— (fyrns  uncinatns. 

— Motor. 

— AVell  defined  area  on  bofh  sides  of  fissure  of  Rolatido. 

— Leg. — At  upper  part  of  this  area. 

.\rni.  1 central  part  of  this  area. 

—Hand,  i 

— Face  — xVt  lower  part  of  this  area. 

— Speech. 


56 


— Third  frontal  convolution  and  Island  of  Reil. 

— Generally  of  left  hemisphere. 

— Inhibition, — unknoAvn. 

— Mental  processes, — unknoAvn. 

— Conjectured  to  be  anterior  portion  of  cortex. 

— Either  hemisphere  sufficient. 

— General  statement,  '' 

— Posterior  portion  of  cortex  related  to  sensation. 

— Middle  portion  of  cortex  related  to  motion. 

— Anterior  portion  of  cortex  related  to  mental  processes. 

EaCIiAiEMISPIIEKE  IIECEIA'ES  SEXSORV  IMPRESSIONS  PROAI,  AND  ORIGINATES  MOTOR  IMPULSES 


CEREBELLUM. 


FOR,  OPPOSITE  SIDE  OF  RODY. 


Position. 

Eoiui. 

Gray  jiatter. 

— Distribution. 

— As  in  cerebrum. 

— Superficially  in  convolutions  or  cortex. 

— Finer  and  thinner  than  in  cerebrum. 

— Layers  of  cortex. 

— Outer  layer, 

— Small  cells. 

— Branched  fibrils  from  Purkinje’s  cells. 

— Middle  layer. 

— Single  layer  of  Purkinje’s  cells. 

— Large  flask-shaped  cells,  Avith  long  branched  processes  extend- 
ing into  outer  layer,  and  axis  cylinder  process  at  base. 

— Inner  layer. 

— Nuclei  and  granules.  , 

— Central  mass. 

— Corpus  dentatum. 

White  matter. 

— Central  part. 

— Peduncles. 

— Superior  : — fibres  connecting  cerebellum  and  cerebrum. 

— Middle  : — fibres  connecting  cerebellum  and  pons. 

— Inferior  : — fibres  connecting  cerebellum  and  spinal  cord. 

Function. 

— A receiving  depot  for  sensory  impressions,  (through  direct  cerebellar  tract,)  deter- 
mining Avhich  shall  be  sent  on  to  cerebrum. 

— Co-ordination  in  maintaining  equilibrium. 

— Maintaining  muscular  contraction  originated  by  cerebrum. 

— Each  half  of  cerebellum  stands  related  in  its  function  to  same  side  of  body. 

S Y M PAT  1 1 ET  1C  SYSTEM . 

Made  up  of 

— Ganglia. 


57 


— Arranged  in  pairs  on  either  side  of  spinal  column. 

— Several  special  ganglia  !or  individual  viscera. 

— Nerve  fibres. 

— Cliieti}’  non-medullated. 

— Distributed  to 
— Viscera. 

— Glands. 

— Blood  vessels. 

— Numerous  connecting  fibres  between 
— Different  ganglia. 

— Ganglia  and  spinal  nerves, 

Fu>'ction. 

— Chiefly  in  controlling  action  of  unstriped  muscular  fibre  in  organs  above  named. 


Mineral. 


OniKF  CUT  A NOES  TN  m.OOD  IN 


CHANGES  EFFECTED  IN  FOOD  BY  DIGESTIVE  FLUIDS  OF 

MOUTH.  STOMACH.  PANCREAS.  LIVER.  SMALL  INTESTINE. 

STARCH.  Beginning  change  Freed  from  envelope  Changed  to  sugar  by  Slight  power  to  Slight  power  to  change  to 
to  sugar,  by  pty-  of  gluten.  pancreatine.  change  to  su-  sugar,  by  secretion  of 


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be  S 
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completes  the  change  from  maltose  to  sugar. 


APPENDIX. 


AYEXUE  OF  ABSORPTION  OF  DIFFERENT  FOODS. 

SUGAR.*  Blood  A'essels. 

FAT.  Lacteals. 

PEPTONE.  Blood  vessels. 

♦Tills  includes  stared  now  changed  to  sugar. 


changes  in  ABSOKBED  MATEEIAL  before  entering  GEN- 
ERAL CIRCULATION. 

SUGAR.  To  glycogen,  in  liver  cells,  where  it  is  stored  till  given  up  gradually  to  blood  in 

form  of 

— Glycogen  chiefly. 

— Sugar. 

FAT.  Disappears  in  lungs. 

PEPTONE.  Changed  to  serum  albumen  before  leaving  liver. 


APPENDIX. 


ABSORPTION. — SuppLEMEXTAEY  Statement. 

LATER  CHANGES  IN  ABSORBED  MATERIAL. 

Peptone  to  serum  albumen  before  leaving  liver. 

Leuctn.  ) rr> 

''  lo  urea. 

Tyrosin.  J 

Sugar  to  glycogen,  stored  in  liver  cells  and  released  as  needed, 

— Question  whether  released  as  gl^^cogen  or  sugar. 

— Ferment  causing  change  derived  from 
— Destruction  of  red  blood  corpuscles. 

— Derif»ged  circulation. 

Fat  disappears  in  passing  through  lungs. 

Soap,  unknown. 

FATE  OF  DIGESTIVE  FERMENTS. 

So  CHANGED  AS  TO  BE  UNRECOGNIZABLE, 

— Pty  aline. 

— By  hydrochloric  acid  of  gastric  juice. 

— Pepsin. 

— By  precipitation  by  alkaline  fluids  in  duodenum,  and  digestion  by  trypsin. 
— Pancreatic  ferments. 

— By  acid  fermentation  of  large  intestine. 

Probably  ultimately  absorbed. 


APPENDIX. 


LAEYiNX. 

FH.UIE-WORK  OF  CARTILAGES. 

Cricoid. 

— Form  of  signet  ring. 

— Position. 

Thyroid. 

— Broad,  V shaped  cartilage. 

— Cornua. 

— For  articulation  with  cricoid. 

Two  ARYTENOIDS.  WITH  CORNICULA  LARYNGIS. 

— Pyramidal  form. 

— Articulation  with  cricoid. 

Epiglottis. 

— Form. 

— Articulates  with  thyroid. 

VOCAL  CORDS. 

Bands  of  elastic  tissue. 

Points  of  attachment. 

— Anteriorly  to  angle  of  thyroid. 

— Posteriorly  to  anterior  point  of  arytenoid. 

FALSE  VOCAL  CORDS. 

Structure. 

Position. 

MUSCLES. 

Effect. 

-A  tilting  of  thyroid  upon  cricoid.  | Increasing  tension  of  cords. 

— A slightly  backward  movement  of  arytenoid.  J 

— A rotation  of  arytenoid  upon  cricoid.  1 ta  j:  i 

^ V Determining  approximation  of  cords. 

— A lateral  movement  of  arytenoid  upon  cricoid-  I 


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